UNINETT
March 1995
Tags for the Identification of Languages
Status of this Memo
-
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Abstract
-
This document describes a language tag for use in cases where it is desired to indicate the language used in an information object.
It also defines a Content-language: header, for use in the case where one desires to indicate the language of something that has RFC-822- like headers, like MIME body parts or Web documents, and a new parameter to the Multipart/Alternative type, to aid in the usage of the Content-Language: header.
1. Introduction
-
There are a number of languages spoken by human beings in this world.
A great number of these people would prefer to have information presented in a language that they understand.
In some contexts, it is possible to have information in more than one language, or it might be possible to provide tools for assisting in the understanding of a language (like dictionaries).
A prerequisite for any such function is a means of labelling the information content with an identifier for the language in which is is written.
In the tradition of solving only problems that we think we understand, this document specifies an identifier mechanism, and one possible use for it.
2. The Language tag
-
The language tag is composed of 1 or more parts: A primary language tag and a (possibly empty) series of subtags.
The syntax of this tag in RFC-822 EBNF is:
Language-Tag = Primary-tag *( "-" Subtag ) Primary-tag = 1*8ALPHA Subtag = 1*8ALPHAWhitespace is not allowed within the tag.
All tags are to be treated as case insensitive; there exist conventions for capitalization of some of them, but these should not be taken to carry meaning.
The namespace of language tags is administered by the IANA according to the rules in section 5 of this document.
The following registrations are predefined:
In the primary language tag:
- All 2-letter tags are interpreted according to ISO standard 639, "Code for the representation of names of languages" [ISO 639]. - The value "i" is reserved for IANA-defined registrations - The value "x" is reserved for private use. Subtags of "x" will not be registered by the IANA. - Other values cannot be assigned except by updating this standard.The reason for reserving all other tags is to be open towards new revisions of ISO 639; the use of "i" and "x" is the minimum we can do here to be able to extend the mechanism to meet our requirements.
In the first subtag:
- All 2-letter codes are interpreted as ISO 3166 alpha-2 country codes denoting the area in which the language is used. - Codes of 3 to 8 letters may be registered with the IANA by anyone who feels a need for it, according to the rules in-
-
chapter 5 of this document.
-
The information in the subtag may for instance be:
- Country identification, such as en-US (this usage is described in ISO 639) - Dialect or variant information, such as no-nynorsk or en- cockney - Languages not listed in ISO 639 that are not variants of any listed language, which can be registered with the i- prefix, such as i-cherokee - Script variations, such as az-arabic and az-cyrillicIn the second and subsequent subtag, any value can be registered.
NOTE: The ISO 639/ISO 3166 convention is that language names are written in lower case, while country codes are written in upper case. This convention is recommended, but not enforced; the tags are case insensitive.
NOTE: ISO 639 defines a registration authority for additions to and changes in the list of languages in ISO 639. This authority is:
International Information Centre for Terminology (Infoterm) P.O. Box 130 A-1021 Wien Austria Phone: +43 1 26 75 35 Ext. 312 Fax: +43 1 216 32 72 The following codes have been added in 1989 (nothing later): ug (Uigur), iu (Inuktitut, also called Eskimo), za (Zhuang), he (Hebrew, replacing iw), yi (Yiddish, replacing ji), and id (Indonesian, replacing in).NOTE:
-
The registration agency for ISO 3166 (country codes) is:
-
ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency Secretariat c/o DIN Deutches Institut fuer Normung Burggrafenstrasse 6 Postfach 1107 D-10787 Berlin Germany Phone: +49 30 26 01 320 Fax: +49 30 26 01 231The country codes AA, QM-QZ, XA-XZ and ZZ are reserved by ISO 3166 as user-assigned codes.
2.1. Meaning of the language tag
-
The language tag always defines a language as spoken (or written) by human beings for communication of information to other human beings. Computer languages are explicitly excluded.
There is no guaranteed relationship between languages whose tags start out with the same series of subtags; especially, they are NOT guraranteed to be mutually comprehensible, although this will sometimes be the case.
Applications should always treat language tags as a single token; the division into main tag and subtags is an administrative mechanism, not a navigation aid.
The relationship between the tag and the information it relates to is defined by the standard describing the context in which it appears. So, this section can only give possible examples of its usage.
- For a single information object, it should be taken as the set of languages that is required for a complete comprehension of the complete object. Example: Simple text. - For an aggregation of information objects, it should be taken as the set of languages used inside components of that aggregation. Examples: Document stores and libraries. - For information objects whose purpose in life is providing alternatives, it should be regarded as a hint that the material inside is provided in several languages, and that one has to inspect each of the alternatives in order to find its language or languages. In this case, multiple languages need not mean that one needs to be multilingual to get complete understanding of the document. Example: MIME multipart/alternative. - It would be possible to define (for instance) an SGML DTD that defines a <LANG xx> tag for indicating that following or contained text is written in this language, such that one could write "<LANG FR>C'est la vie</LANG>"; the Norwegian- speaking user could then access a French-Norwegian dictionary to find out what the quote meant.
3. The Content-language header
-
The Language header is intended for use in the case where one desires to indicate the language(s) of something that has RFC-822-like headers, like MIME body parts or Web documents.
The RFC-822 EBNF of the Language header is:
Language-Header = "Content-Language" ":" 1#Language-tag
Note that the Language-Header is allowed to list several languages in a comma-separated list.
Whitespace is allowed, which means also that one can place parenthesized comments anywhere in the language sequence.
3.1. Examples of Content-language values
-
NOTE: NONE of the subtags shown in this document have actually been assigned; they are used for illustration purposes only.
Norwegian official document, with parallel text in both official versions of Norwegian. (Both versions are readable by all Norwegians).
Content-Type: multipart/alternative; differences=content-language Content-Language: no-nynorsk, no-bokmaalVoice recording from the London docks
Content-type: audio/basic Content-Language: en-cockneyDocument in Sami, which does not have an ISO 639 code, and is spoken in several countries, but with about half the speakers in Norway, with six different, mutually incomprehensible dialects:
Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-10 Content-Language: i-sami-no (North Sami) An English-French dictionary Content-type: application/dictionary Content-Language: en, fr (This is a dictionary)An official EC document (in a few of its official languages)
Content-type: multipart/alternative Content-Language: en, fr, de, da, el, itAn excerpt from Star Trek
Content-type: video/mpeg Content-Language: x-klingon
4. Use of Content-Language with Multipart/Alternative
-
When using the Multipart/Alternative body part of MIME, it is possible to have the body parts giving the same information content in different languages. In this case, one should put a Content- Language header on each of the body parts, and a summary Content- Language header onto the Multipart/Alternative itself.
4.1. The differences parameter to multipart/alternative
-
As defined in RFC 1541, Multipart/Alternative only has one parameter: boundary.
The common usage of Multipart/Alternative is to have more than one format of the same message (f.ex. PostScript and ASCII).
The use of language tags to differentiate between different alternatives will certainly not lead all MIME UAs to present the most sensible body part as default.
Therefore, a new parameter is defined, to allow the configuration of MIME readers to handle language differences in a sensible manner.
Name: Differences
Value: One or more of-
-
Content-Type
Content-Language
-
Further values can be registered with IANA; it must be the name of a header for which a definition exists in a published RFC. If not present, Differences=Content-Type is assumed.
The intent is that the MIME reader can look at these headers of the message component to do an intelligent choice of what to present to the user, based on knowledge about the user preferences and capabilities.
(The intent of having registration with IANA of the fields used in this context is to maintain a list of usages that a mail UA may expect to see, not to reject usages.)
(NOTE: The MIME specification [RFC 1521], section 7.2, states that headers not beginning with "Content-" are generally to be ignored in body parts. People defining a header for use with "differences=" should take note of this.)
The mechanism for deciding which body part to present is outside the scope of this document.
MIME EXAMPLE:
Content-Type: multipart/alternative; differences=Content-Language; boundary="limit" Content-Language: en, fr, de --limit Content-Language: fr Le renard brun et agile saute par dessus le chien paresseux --limit Content-Language: de Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-Transfer-encoding: quoted-printableDer schnelle braune Fuchs h=FCpft =FCber den faulen Hund --limit
Content-Language: enThe quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
--limit--When composing a message, the choice of sequence may be somewhat arbitrary. However, non-MIME mail readers will show the first body part first, meaning that this should most likely be the language understood by most of the recipients.
-
5. IANA registration procedure for language tags
-
Any language tag must start with an existing tag, and extend it.
This registration form should be used by anyone who wants to use a language tag not defined by ISO or IANA.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
LANGUAGE TAG REGISTRATION FORM
Name of requester : E-mail address of requester: Tag to be registered :
English name of language :
Native name of language (transcribed into ASCII):
Reference to published description of the language (book or article):
----------------------------------------------------------------------
-
The language form must be sent to <ietf-types@uninett.no> for a 2- week review period before submitting it to IANA. (This is an open list. Requests to be added should be sent to <ietf-types- request@uninett.no>.)
When the two week period has passed, the language tag reviewer, who is appointed by the IETF Applications Area Director, either forwards the request to IANA@ISI.EDU, or rejects it because of significant objections raised on the list.
Decisions made by the reviewer may be appealed to the IESG.
All registered forms are available online in the directory ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/iana/assignments/languages/
6. Security Considerations
-
Security issues are not discussed in this memo.
7. Character set considerations
-
Codes may always be expressed using the US-ASCII character repertoire (a-z), which is present in most character sets.
The issue of deciding upon the rendering of a character set based on the language tag is not addressed in this memo; however, it is thought impossible to make such a decision correctly for all cases unless means of switching language in the middle of a text are defined (for example, a rendering engine that decides font based on Japanese or Chinese language will fail to work when a mixed Japanese-Chinese text is encountered)
8. Acknowledgements
-
This document has benefited from innumberable rounds of review and comments in various fora of the IETF and the Internet working groups. As so, any list of contributors is bound to be incomplete; please regard the following as only a selection from the group of people who have contributed to make this document what it is today.
In alphabetical order:
Tim Berners-Lee, Nathaniel Borenstein, Jim Conklin, Dave Crocker, Ned Freed, Tim Goodwin, Olle Jarnefors, John Klensin, Keith Moore, Masataka Ohta, Keld Jorn Simonsen, Rhys Weatherley, and many, many others.
9. Author's Address
-
Harald Tveit Alvestrand
UNINETT
Pb. 6883 Elgeseter
N-7002 TRONDHEIM
NORWAYEMail: Harald.T.Alvestrand@uninett.no Phone: +47 73 59 70 94
10. References
-
[ISO 639]
-
-
ISO 639:1988 (E/F) - Code for the representation of names of languages - The International Organization for Standardization, 1st edition, 1988 17 pages Prepared by ISO/TC 37 - Terminology (principles and coordination).
-
[ISO 3166]
-
-
ISO 3166:1988 (E/F) - Codes for the representation of names of countries - The International Organization for Standardization, 3rd edition, 1988-08-15.
-
[RFC 1521]